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Progress on Water-Related Ecosystems

Protecting and restoring water-related ecosystems will mitigate and strengthen resilience to climate change. For instance, wetlands trap carbon from the atmosphere and protect coastal areas from storm surges and inland areas from both floods and droughts by retaining water.

  • 4 % of the world’s water basins is experiencing rapid changes in the area covered by permanent surface waters (SDG 6 indicator 6.6.1, 2022)

Available time series: 2000-2022
Number of countries (and areas) reporting in the last five years: 231
Proportion of world population covered by reporting in the last five years: 89%

Proportion of world land area covered by reporting in the last five years: 80%
Learn more about the indicator here 
Read the latest progress report here

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SDG target 6.6 is: ‘By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes.’

To track progress towards the target, indicator 6.6.1 tracks changes over time in water-related ecosystems such as lakes, rivers, wetlands and mangroves, with the help of earth observations.

Change in permanent surface water extent compared to baseline period 2000-2019, by country (data from ----) ©

In XX countries (and areas), representing XX% of global land area and XX% of global population, more than 10% of permanent lakes and rivers has been lost compared to the baseline period.

In XX countries (and areas), representing XX% of global land area and XX% of global population, more than 25% of permanent lakes and rivers has been lost compared to the baseline period.

Percentage change compared to baseline (%)
>28.13
13.58 - 28.13
6.54 - 13.58
0.38 - 6.54
<0.38
Data Not Available
Not Applicable

Change in seasonal surface water extent compared to baseline period 2000-2019, by country (data from ----) ©

Increases in seasonal lakes and rivers can be a sign of floods. In XX countries (and areas), representing XX% of global land area and XX% of global population, seasonal lakes and rivers have increased by more than 100% compared to the baseline period.

Decreases in seasonal lakes and rivers can be a sign of droughts. In XX countries (and areas), representing XX% of global land area and XX% of global population, seasonal lakes and rivers have decreased by more than 10% compared to the baseline period.

Percentage change compared to baseline (%)
>121.16
80.47 - 121.16
56.26 - 80.47
41.03 - 56.26
24.09 - 41.03
<24.09
Data Not Available
Not Applicable

Change in mangrove extent compared to 2000, by country (data from ----) ©

In XX countries (and areas), representing XX% of global land area and XX% of global population, more than 10% of mangroves has been lost since 2000.

Percentage change compared to baseline (%)
>0.29
-0.5 - 0.29
-2.39 - -0.5
-5.81 - -2.39
<-5.81
Data Not Available
Not Applicable

Maximum and minimum river flow and change compared to baseline period 2000-2019, by region (data from XXXX)

Globally, the maximum river flow has increased with XX% and the minimum river flow has increased with XX%, compared to the baseline period.

Proportion of large lakes with high change in turbidity and trophic state compared to baseline period 2006-2020, by region (data from XXXX) ©

In the world there are XX large lakes that are monitored, of which XX% has a high increase in turbidity and XX% has a high increase in trophic state, compared to the baseline period. Turbidity and trophic state are signs of water pollution and overfertilization.

15.1.2 Proportion of important sites for biodiversity that are covered by protected areas, by ecosystem type and region (data from 2021) ©

Source data indicator 6.6.1 Cambio en la extensión de los ecosistemas relacionados con el agua con el paso del tiempo

Country (or area), regional and world data for the latest year of reporting (data from 2017 - 2022):

País (o zona), región, mundoAño6.6.1 Cambio en la extensión de los ecosistemas relacionados con el agua con el paso del tiempo
Surface water extent > Permanent Surface water extent > Seasonal Inland vegetated wetland extent Mangrove extent
Afganistán2017-2022545.742086.860.25
Albania2017-2022240.5699.70.19
Alemania20223382.61706.19
América Latina y el Caribe2020-2022156314.54137852.65-2.82-2.82
Andorra2017-20220.520.290.88
Angola2020-2022590.274584.59-3.3-3.3
Anguila2020-20221.381.29-13.51-13.51
Antigua y Barbuda2020-20222.635.11.021.02
Arabia Saudita2020-2022153.33928.93-22.98-22.98
Argelia2017-202289.822050.790.14
Argentina2017-202225228.628440.444.38
Armenia2017-20221318.0338.150.09
Aruba2020-20220.462.93-16.55-16.55
Asia Central y Meridional2020-2022334282.22176774.98-3.01-3.01
Asia Oriental y Sudoriental2020-2022142443.08151679.36-4.88-4.88
Australia2020-20224467.4650627.04-4.54-4.54
Australia y Nueva Zelandia2020-20227761.3151211.35-4.37-4.37
Austria2017-2022554.3299.50.25
Azerbaiyán2017-202278372.19813.060.26
Bahamas2020-20221117.522031.23-8.81-8.81
Bahrein2020-20223.5411.63-6.9-6.9
Bangladesh2020-20221633.216395.850.820.82
Barbados2020-20220.030.68.768.76
Belice2020-2022303.01283.06-3.7-3.7
Benin2020-2022278.71214.22-1.19-1.19
Bermudas2020-20221.150.4600
Bhután2017-202275.0364.560.08
Bolivia (Estado Plurinacional de)2017-20229381.916810.596.49
Bosnia y Herzegovina2017-202298.9690.540.09
Botswana2017-2022229.174690.823.08
Brasil2020-202261477.0843922.09-0.52-0.52
Brunei Darussalam2020-202219.2523.930.30.3
Bulgaria2017-2022415.52143.520.22
Burkina Faso2017-2022113.85539.131.12
Burundi2017-20221943.9726.360.91
Bélgica2017-2022119.4950.490.19
Cabo Verde2017-20226.7428.030
Camboya2020-20223364.5911703.66-3.04-3.04
Camerún2020-2022784.861243.030.330.33
Canadá2022916376.9699000.95
Chad2017-20221648.753536.261.26
Chequia2017-2022358.69123.40.16
Chile2017-202211250.891864.081.74
China2020-2022101750.781085.72-11.91-11.91
Chipre2017-20227.9716.880.78
Colombia2020-20227157.327788.34-2.52-2.52
Comoras2020-20222.095.130.260.26
Congo2020-20221616.541070.68-0.33-0.33
Costa Rica2020-202244.87130.72-2.18-2.18
Croacia2017-2022222.42200.190.33
Cuba2020-20221247.851301.8-7.51-7.51
Curaçao2020-20222.996.87-0.21-0.21
Côte d’Ivoire2020-2022169.33495.61-5.82-5.82
Dinamarca2017-2022433.28104.250.91
Djibouti2020-2022131.14349.1-15.61-15.61
Dominica2020-20220.010.5610.9110.91
Ecuador2020-20221746.431576.67-3.67-3.67
Egipto2020-20221966.722239.76-23.94-23.94
El Salvador2020-2022161.3660.39-0.88-0.88
Emiratos Árabes Unidos2020-1.82-1.82
Eritrea2020-202266.83290.44-16.55-16.55
Eslovaquia2017-2022105.5255.080.15
Eslovenia2017-202241.7936.350.18
España2017-2022594.421020.050.21
Estados Unidos de América2020-2022252790.7976485.51-2.95-2.95
Estonia2017-20222017.71141.544.23
Eswatini2017-20227.4413.080.93
Etiopía2017-20226551.112286.812.83
Federación de Rusia2017-2022425203.6176161.977.83
Fiji2020-20229.8631.850.50.5
Filipinas2020-20222413.232017.98-2.71-2.71
Finlandia202222408.112123
Francia2017-20222535.621140.780.33
Gabón2020-20221582.02646.97-0.71-0.71
Gambia2020-2022102.76155.070.330.33
Georgia2017-2022231.19153.220.13
Ghana2020-2022220.84621.82-0.64-0.64
Gibraltar2017-20220.040.060
Granada2020-20220.341.03-0.41-0.41
Grecia2017-2022678.58259.830.16
Groenlandia2017-202217315.941313.460.57
Guadalupe2020-20220.422.190.10.1
Guam2020-20220.620.750.730.73
Guatemala2020-20221070.86340.15-0.14-0.14
Guayana Francesa2020-202253.9797.495.935.93
Guernsey2017-20220.970.850.14
Guinea2020-202267.83747.37-2.95-2.95
Guinea Ecuatorial2020-202219.4629.02-0.15-0.15
Guinea-Bissau2020-202251.55357.66-1.99-1.99
Guyana2020-2022419.19896.71-6.32-6.32
Haití2020-2022166.2779.25-7.67-7.67
Honduras2020-2022478.48556.42-2.97-2.97
Hong Kong (Región Administrativa Especial de China)2017-202218.1220.880.43
Hungría2017-20221140.91285.860.69
India2020-20228260.2862015.23-1.78-1.78
Indonesia2020-20228730.5512278.19-5.56-5.56
Iraq2017-20221963.156227.40.86
Irlanda2017-2022897.73165.734.94
Irán (República Islámica del)2020-202259506.3412384.79-21.67-21.67
Isla Christmas2017-20220.010.40
Isla Norfolk2017-2022000
Isla de Man2017-20220.721.042.19
Islandia2017-20221661.94244.670.94
Islas Caimán2020-20223.666.21-4.17-4.17
Islas Cocos (Keeling)2017-2022000
Islas Cook2020-20220.160.2300
Islas Feroe2017-202210.576.730
Islas Georgias del Sur y Sandwich del Sur2017-202264.6215.430
Islas Heard y McDonald2017-2022000
Islas Malvinas (Falkland Islands)2017-2022135.2246.290.26
Islas Marianas del Norte2017-20222.023.572.76
Islas Marshall2020-20220.541.5100
Islas Salomón2020-2022127.225.1-0.15-0.15
Islas Svalbard y Jan Mayen2017-2022200.213.460.15
Islas Turcas y Caicos2020-202217.4728.38-21.06-21.06
Islas Vírgenes Británicas2020-20224.643.925.915.91
Islas Vírgenes de los Estados Unidos2020-20221.453.69-1.24-1.24
Islas Wallis y Futuna2020-20220.640.7400
Islas Åland202225.9810.73
Israel2017-2022451.452.282.27
Italia2017-20221949.36838.360.31
Jamaica2020-202210.9619.23-5.74-5.74
Japón2020-20221589.111091-0.47-0.47
Jersey2017-20220.550.480.43
Jordania2017-2022435.81111.650.07
Kazajstán2017-2022155466.9950253.530.73
Kenya2020-20227913.86777.48-1.02-1.02
Kirguistán2017-20226977.32387.610.16
Kiribati2020-20220.942.0700
Kuwait2017-202226.16179.70.2
Lesotho2017-20227.242.340.01
Letonia2017-2022790.47341.712.79
Liberia2020-202221.6108.06-1.85-1.85
Libia2017-202243.45542.640.06
Liechtenstein2017-20220.770.240.97
Lituania2017-2022860.7290.011
Luxemburgo2017-20222.811.840.03
Líbano2017-20222.218.431.11
Macedonia del Norte2017-2022456.1216.910.22
Madagascar2020-20221816.34408.53-1.8-1.8
Malasia2020-2022714.641137.31-1.3-1.3
Malawi2017-202223500.4651.452.07
Maldivas202000
Malta2017-20220.20.840
Malí2017-20221006.167892.461.53
Marruecos2017-2022135.94288.630.36
Martinica2020-20220.791.651.021.02
Mauricio2020-202213.66.14-21.92-21.92
Mauritania2020-202271.921365.665.85.8
Mayotte2020-20221.411.23-0.11-0.11
Micronesia (Estados Federados de)2017-20222.182.120
Mongolia2017-202213861.43087.580.13
Montenegro2017-202218.8175.980.52
Montserrat2017-20220.010.550.63
Mozambique2020-20228223.13030.7-4.99-4.99
Mundo2020-20222585526.57990821.44-3.43-3.43
Myanmar2020-20223049.5310797.43-6.63-6.63
México2020-20225729.7411140.45-4.26-4.26
Mónaco2017-20220.080.050
Namibia2017-2022287.354601.620.6
Nauru2017-20220.040.190
Nepal2017-2022203.37608.90.81
Nicaragua2020-20229326.12750.3-2.06-2.06
Nigeria2020-20221663.915592.76-1.88-1.88
Niue2017-20220.110.010
Noruega2017-202212156.671329.072.75
Nueva Caledonia2020-202232.8564.631.231.23
Nueva Zelandia2020-20223293.84583.9122
Níger2017-2022302.831337.920.23
Oceanía (excepto Australia y Nueva Zelandia)2020-20222865.052242.58-0.72-0.72
Omán2020-202236.37327.04-14.7-14.7
Pakistán2020-20222660.3415286.49-17.21-17.21
Palau2020-20220.650.480.460.46
Panamá2020-202244.76212.24-1.45-1.45
Papua Nueva Guinea2020-20222482.082066.46-1.07-1.07
Paraguay2017-20221335.992254.438.8
Perú2020-202211807.626773.76-3.2-3.2
Pitcairn2017-202200.10
Polinesia Francesa2020-202298.7918.482.442.44
Polonia2017-20223109.1882.10.68
Portugal2017-2022187.41198.050.26
Puerto Rico2020-202225.8334.82-3.1-3.1
Qatar2020-202216.0366.786.026.02
Región Administrativa Especial de Macao/Macao (China)2017-20221.351.720.3
Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte2017-20221823.55432.495.58
República Centroafricana2017-2022445.78447.760.88
República Democrática Popular Lao2017-20221074.28970.530.59
República Democrática del Congo2020-202235992.575374.98-0.49-0.49
República Dominicana2020-2022387.09124.35-2.33-2.33
República Popular Democrática de Corea2017-2022523.46844.470.18
República Unida de Tanzanía2020-202221613.334511.32-2.56-2.56
República de Corea2017-2022464.72663.320.1
República de Moldova2017-2022236.1122.480.53
República Árabe Siria2017-2022350.36595.290.84
Rumania2017-20221679.24851.031.45
Rwanda2017-20221517.0559.212.2
Saint Kitts y Nevis2020-20220.210.712.352.35
Samoa2020-20222.592.34-0.76-0.76
Samoa Americana2020-20220.450.74-1.68-1.68
San Marino2017-2022000
San Martín (parte francesa)2020-20225.491.09-11.09-11.09
San Martín (parte holandesa)2020-20223.56100
San Pedro y Miquelón2017-20224.781.3216.4
San Vicente y las Granadinas2020-20220.241.071.171.17
Santa Elena2017-20220.20.40.29
Santa Lucía2020-20220.211.51-0.37-0.37
Santa Sede2017-2022000
Santo Tomé y Príncipe2020-20220000
Senegal2020-2022533.832048.80.290.29
Serbia2017-2022417.67186.540.15
Seychelles2020-20221.313.82-0.03-0.03
Sierra Leona2020-202277.22381.51-4.46-4.46
Singapur2020-20229.9416.68-13.17-13.17
Somalia2020-202294.3710.1-4.47-4.47
Sri Lanka2020-2022572.711063.67-23.15-23.15
Sudáfrica2020-20221362.511913.013.013.01
Sudán2020-20221268.151959.73-46.97-46.97
Sudán del Sur2017-2022556.791817.9321.22
Suiza2017-20221292.3552.220.34
Suriname2020-2022167.55344.695.345.34
Sáhara Occidental2017-202214.07134.750.04
Tailandia2020-20222232.888462.18-2.7-2.7
Tayikistán2017-20221169.58640.451.15
Territorio Británico del Océano Índico201765.71
Timor-Leste2020-20223.5661.990.330.33
Togo2020-202210.5578.96-7.06-7.06
Tokelau2017-202259.070.060
Tonga2020-202216.644.08-1.15-1.15
Trinidad y Tabago2020-20226.6513.64-1.01-1.01
Turkmenistán2017-202288527.066817.621.14
Turquía2017-20227172.153164.170.29
Tuvalu2020-20220.10.1100
Túnez2017-202286.731019.341.93
Ucrania2017-20223927.452266.880.9
Uganda2017-20227921.12654.893.26
Uruguay2017-2022878.871124.031.58
Uzbekistán2017-20228683.778768.521.77
Vanuatu2020-202227.5116.96-2.43-2.43
Venezuela (República Bolivariana de)2020-20225041.788748.96-0.06-0.06
Viet Nam2020-20222621.7617414.79-4.72-4.72
Yemen2020-202265.01303.75-18.35-18.35
Zambia2017-20229106.487043.747.84
Zimbabwe2017-2022406.29519.950.56
África Septentrional y Asia Occidental2017-202294245.5221395.710.41
África Subsahariana2020-2022140659.2877320.48-2.13-2.13